Listado anual: 2019

Compare the incorrect entry with the correct entry and make a correcting entry to correct the accounts. Correct it immediately upon discovery.

The details you provide are essential for step one. Janet Berry-Johnson is a CPA with 10 years of experience in public accounting and writes about income taxes and small business accounting. After closing, the dividend account will have a zero balance and be ready for the next period’s dividend payments. However, your general ledger shows each financial transaction separately by account. A merchandising company buys finished goods and resells them at a relatively higher price. Learn about the definition, activities, and income components of merchandising companies, and explore their inventory systems and inventory reporting. A cash receipts journal is a journal used for keeping track of the cash received by a business.

Temporary Accounts Are Closed At The End Of Each Fiscal Year To What Section Of The Financial Statements?

This trial balance is crucial in closing any accounts in the last accounting period. On top of that, it helps transition into the upcoming accounting period.

If the general ledger system has a post closing trial balance feature, then preparing the report is straightforward. The amount of time is contingent on the complexity of the business and the experience of the preparer. The last step in the process is preparing the post-closing trial balance. The big difference between this and the other trial balances is that the balance in the revenue and expense accounts should be zero. List all of the accounts and their balances in the appropriate debit or credit columns. Then add up both columns; if both columns have the same amount, the accounts balance.

What Is A Post Closing Trial Balance?

A variation of this error is omitting one of the ledger account totals from the trial balance . The reason is that Bob did not make a profit in the first month of his operations. In fact, he made a net loss totalling $6,050. The post-closing trial balance will reflect the final balances for the company accounts at the end of the financial reporting period.

In the trial balance accounting, such accounting errors can be classified into four categories. Trial balance helps you to ensure the arithmetical accuracy of your general ledger accounts. I have never emailed in response to anything posted online but I feel compelled to do so now. I have been having a hard time learning accounting at an online university. We are given an online book and a schedule of chapters to read.

Quiz 5 :closing Entries And The Post

Usually, companies prepare the post-closing trial balance after adjusting general ledger accounts. Therefore, it follows an adjusted trial balance.

The balance sheet is one of the three fundamental financial statements. The financial statements are key to both financial modeling and accounting. The primary job of a bookkeeper is to maintain and record the daily financial events of the company.

Accounting Topics

Summarize the activity in every account. A term often used for closing entries is «reconciling» the company’s accounts. Accountants perform closing a post closing trial balance will show entries to return the revenue, expense, and drawing temporary account balances to zero in preparation for the new accounting period.

As you can see, the accounts are generally listed in balance sheet order starting with the assets followed by the liabilities and then equity accounts. The total debits must always equal the credits. If these two don’t equal, there is either a problem with closing entries or theadjusted trial balance. All of the following statements about the post-closing trial balance are correct except it a. Shows that the accounting equation is in balance.

The adjusted trial balance is a trial balance sheet that reveals the closing balance of all your general ledger accounts. This is after passing the adjusting entries. The very purpose of adding these adjusted entries is to rectify the accounting errors in your unadjusted Trial Balance. In other words, your adjusted trial balance verifies that all your debit balances of accounts equate to their credit balances. Furthermore, an adjusted trial balance also helps you to prepare financial statements that comply with the accounting principles.

Which Of The Following Statements About Financial Statements Is Correct?

It segregates those balances into debit and credit columns. Usually, preparing the trial balance is the last step before reporting the financial statements. It also provides a final check on the figures that will end up on those statements. However, the trial balance may come in several forms, including adjusted and post-closing trial balances. The unadjusted trial balance is prepared before adjusting journal entries are completed. This trial balance reflects all the activity recorded from day-to-day transactions and is used to analyze accounts when preparing adjusting entries.

• In the first closing entry, Service Revenue was debited.
• A credit to Income Summary for $3,500.
• The adjusted balances may relate to several accounts, as mentioned above.
• Projected net income for next year.
• Preparing a trial balance is the initial step in preparing the basic financial statements.
• A company’s operating cycle and fiscal year are usually the same length of time.

Such an error will not affect the totals. Great information! I just had a quick question. Closing the expense accounts—transferring the debit balances in the expense accounts to a clearing account called Income Summary. Closing the revenue accounts—transferring the credit balances in the revenue accounts to a clearing account called Income Summary.

What Is The Difference Between Adjusted Trial Balance And Post Closing?

ScaleFactor is on a mission to remove the barriers to financial clarity that every business owner faces. If multiple lines, they must equal the amount of the erroneous entry. Free Financial Modeling Guide A Complete Guide to Financial Modeling This resource is designed to be the best free guide to financial modeling! We will break down the most important… Exercise Cash versus accrual accounting (LO2-9) Stanley and Jones Lawn Service Company (S&J) maintains…

However, you may wrongly treat it as a revenue expense if you debit the maintenance and repairs account with such an amount. This indicates that you committed an error of principle. Therefore, there can be accounting errors that you need to identify.

These records are raw financial information that needs to be entered into your accounting system to be translated into something useful. Further, the short-term liabilities appear before the long-term liabilities under the head ‘Liabilities’ in your trial balance.

How To Account For Prepaid Insurance? Definition, Classification, Journal Entries, And Example

Thus, such an error would result in two accounts with incorrect balances. However, such an error would not lead to inequality in the debit and credit balance of your trial balance. Therefore, such types of errors indicate that the balancing of the Trial Balance Sheet does not imply the accuracy of the entries in the books of accounts. As stated earlier, there exist accounting errors if the debit column of your trial balance does not equate to its credit column. In other words, accounting errors occur when your trial balance sheet does not tally.

• A tallied trial balance indicates that the posting of the journal entries to the general ledger is arithmetically correct.
• Blanket Corporation sold equipment for cash of…
• Its purpose is to test the equality between debits and credits after adjusting entries are prepared.
• At January 1, 2008, Nova reported owner’s equity of $50,000.
• Accumulated depreciation.
• The responsibility for the preparation and integrity of financial statements rests with the auditors.

Current liabilities and long-term liabilities. 116. Office Equipment is classified in the balance sheet as a.

To know what risks are present, you need to understand what objectives are being sought. Internal control can be expected to provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance to an entity’s management and board.

Segregation of duties – processor and approver should be two different people. In a computerized environment, backing up data daily on the cloud is also a Preventive control to avoid any data loss. The same way comparing actual physical stock in the warehouse and closing stock as per books will show if there is an issue in the Inventory processing, any pilferage or normal loss. Also, checking that all the assets appearing in the books are physically present ensures the safety of assets. As the name suggests, these controls are the controls in place to detect any discrepancy and deviation from the policies in place. Learn more about how you can improve payment processing at your business today.

Control Precision

Making certain that equipment, inventories, cash and other property aresecuredphysically, counted periodically and compared with item descriptions shown on control records. Secondary controls are those that help the process run smoothly but are not essential.

The management environment is greatly influenced by the extent to which individuals recognize that they will be held accountable. In the event that an employee does not comply with an organization’s policies and procedures or behavioral standards, an organization must take appropriate disciplinary action to maintain an effective control environment. The role of the internal auditor is to test and ensure that a company has proper internal controls in place, and that they are functioning. A company’s financial department is responsible for ensuring its fiscal information is accurate and reliable. These safeguards protecting physical assets and ensuring the integrity of accounting practices are called internal controls.

Components Of Internal Control System

Companies authorize different people to initiate, approve and pay for goods or services. Separation of these duties makes it difficult to manipulate the purchasing process in ways that would hurt the company. Business units have different ways to monitor and protect their company’s assets. The facilities team, for example, may hold daily check-ins to see what kind and how many tools are available for use. Administrative units may update their running inventory of office supplies each week. It involves not only policy manuals and forms, but also people functioning at every level of the institution.

More subjective rules might create conflicts between financial statement preparers and auditors. McKenna had a hard time erecting these processes; employees took time to learn, resisted, and made mistakes.

Purpose Of Internal Control

More generally, setting objectives, budgets, plans and other expectations establish criteria for control. Control itself exists to keep performance or a state of affairs within what is expected, allowed or accepted. It takes place with a combination of interrelated components – such as social environment effecting behavior of employees, information necessary in control, and policies and procedures.

«Theoretically, we think the new ED could be wonderful, and yet in practice it may not produce the intended results,» Knight says. The revised ED, Dodyk says, will give CPAs a better working definition of what constitutes control. «The new wording is certainly crisper than the original 1995 version, which almost suggested that the 50% threshold for control was moving lower; that was something some did not want to see happen,» he says. SOME BELIEVE THE REVISED ED GIVES CPAs A BETTER working definition of what constitutes control than a 1995 ED, which FASB did not approve. Observers generally agree the ED will pass but not all are certain it will solve the current problems. Corporate Accounting ScandalsAccounting Scandals refer to situations which demonstrate intentional falsification or misrepresentation of financial documents. Some of the most famous ones are by Enron, Freddie Mac, HealthSouth, & American Insurance Group etc.

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Signature Analytics is an outsourced accounting firm providing ongoing accounting support and financial analysis to small and mid-size businesses. Precision is an important factor in performing a SOX 404 top-down risk assessment.

This policy ensures that she knows where all the important papers are and how to find them. Also, there is no straight forward control policy that applies to every organization. The application of controls for each organization is designed and implemented to suit its needs, type of business, aspirations, goals, and other guidelines. However, if Taylor or anyone else wants to find out the amount that a specific customer still owes for their credit purchases, or when they bought the item, that won’t be shown in the control account. The ending balance in a control account should always match the ending total for its subsidiary ledger. If it doesn’t, then there could have been a mistake made during the calculations.

What Are The Key Elements Of Control In Accounting?

One available potential response to mandatory SOX compliance is for a company to decertify its stock for trade on the available stock exchanges. Since SOX affects publicly traded companies, decertifying its stock would eliminate the SOX compliance requirement. Also, if accounting control definition a company takes its stock off of an organized stock exchange, many investors assume that a company is in trouble financially and that it wants to avoid an audit that might detect its problems. The financial reports and internal control system must be audited annually.

The five components that they determined were necessary in an effective internal control system make up the components in the internal controls triangle shown in Figure 8.3. In order to identify and establish effective controls, management must continually assess the risk, monitor control implementation, and modify controls as needed. Top managers of publicly held companies must sign a statement of responsibility for internal controls and include this statement in their annual report to stockholders. Control activities are the specific policies and procedures management uses to achieve its objectives. The most important control activities involve segregation of duties, proper authorization of transactions and activities, adequate documents and records, physical control over assets and records, and independent checks on performance. A short description of each of these control activities appears below.

Manual controls are manually performed, either solely manual or IT-dependent, where a system-generated report is used to test a particular control. •Require computer users to have tight control over storage of programs and data. Just as one person maintains custody over a certain set of records in a manual system, in a computer system one person maintains custody over certain information . A deficiency in operation exists when a properly designed control does not operate as designed, or when the person performing the control does not possess the necessary authority or competence to perform the control effectively. Control precision describes the alignment or correlation between a particular control procedure and a given control objective or risk. A control with direct impact on the achievement of an objective is said to be more precise than one with indirect impact on the objective or risk. Precision is distinct from sufficiency; that is, multiple controls with varying degrees of precision may be involved in achieving a control objective or mitigating a risk.

Establish and effectively communicate written policies and procedures, a code of ethics and standards of conduct. A dishonest employee always tries to misappropriate whatever effective control systems exist as in a business concern. Effective starting of the internal control system depends on time and labor spent on the recruitment of employees. Internal control becomes effective only when compliance with organization policies and laws of the country is ensured. Segregation of the duties of the employees means that each employee is assigned specific tasks. The person in charge of assets is not allowed to maintain accounts of the assets. It is to be kept in mind, a business organization, be it’s small or large, can enjoy the benefits of adopting an internal control system.

What Constitutes Control?

In addition, transactions are accounted for numerically, and file totals are managed. Access to data, files, and programs is restricted, as is the development of new systems and changes to existing ones.

Test of controls is part of System Based ApproachandSubstantive Procedures Audit Approach. Promote efficient and effective operations – Internal controls provide an environment in which managers and staff can maximize the efficiency and effectiveness of their operations.

In general terms, the purpose of internal control is to ensure the efficient operations of a business, thus enabling the business to effectively reach its goals. A relevant assertion is a financial statement assertion that has a reasonable possibility of containing a misstatement or misstatements that would cause the financial statements to be materially misstated. The determination of whether an assertion is a relevant assertion is based on inherent risk, without regard to the effect of controls. Risks and controls may be entity-level or assertion-level under the PCAOB guidance. However, a combination of entity-level and assertion-level controls are typically identified to address assertion-level risks. The PCAOB set forth a three-level hierarchy for considering the precision of entity-level controls.

A good internal control system should include the control activities listed below. Its creation was included in the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 to regulate conflict, control disclosures, and set sanction guidelines for any violation of regulations. Different organizations face different types of risk, but when internal control systems are lacking, the opportunity arises for fraud, misuse of the organization’s assets, and employee or workplace corruption. Part of an accountant’s function is to understand and assist in maintaining the internal control in the organization.

• Similarly, businesses establish authorization protocols, outlining who can authorize what kinds of transactions.
• Just by demonstrating that any transactions have been reviewed and approved by the proper supervisors.
• To have reasonable assurance that the organization will achieve its objectives, management should ensure each risk is assessed and handled properly.
• The auditor is normally focused mainly on internal control over financial reporting as it mater to the financial report that they are auditing.
• In others, she put forth the effort to instruct and explain why these policies were so important.
• Hence, an independent reviewer will be able to spot faults and inconsistencies as well.
• SEC guidance which is further discussed in SOX 404 top-down risk assessment.

By the supervisors to ensure that the employees follow the policies of the business. When the internal control system is in practice, the organization monitors its effectiveness to bring necessary changes if any serious problem arises. In small business organizations, generally, the owner-manager controls the total activities of his business by his personal supervision and direct participation. 5 components of an internal control system are linked to the organization. Internal control is all of the policies and procedures management uses to achieve the following goals. The company can see in real time the exact inventory levels of all products in all stores at all times, and this can ensure the best customer access to products.

• Or any equivalent combination of education and experience determined to be acceptable by the Personnel Department which has included a bachelor’s degree in accounting and the specific experience as indicated above.
• Making certain that equipment, inventories, cash and other property aresecuredphysically, counted periodically and compared with item descriptions shown on control records.
• Reliable means that internal control can detect major kinds of risks that could materially affect the financial statements.
• The events that yield data may originate from internal or external sources.
• SOX experts identify the gaps and inefficiencies and provide solutions that work for your company’s exact needs.
• Is it time to assess the internal controls that matter most to how your company operates, to mitigate the risk of a restatement and to see if your SOX compliance program is efficiently run?
• If employees need additional guidance, issue departmental standards of conduct.

For example, if the frequency of transactions is more than one per day, then the number of sample sizes for this kind of transaction should be more than 25 samples. For example, examine the authority that approves to purchase of material, inventories as well as fixed assets. Limit nonaudit services, such as consulting, that are provided to a client. A new pair of jeans is ordered from the distribution center to replace what was purchased from the store’s inventory. The pair of jeans is removed from the inventory of the store where the purchase was made. Three characteristics companies require of check signers are trustworthiness, patience and availability.

Agencies may specify that only separate bid bonds are acceptable in connection with construction contracts. If you are relatively neutral on rates, the one-year CD might be a reasonable «middle-ground» choice. It will provides a higher return than keeping your funds in the money market fund unless rates rise considerably.

A move toward more transparent pricing comes on the heels of the full implementation of Trade Reporting and Compliance Engine , the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority’s (FINRA’s) bond trade reporting system. Broker-dealers now report all trades of corporate bonds, including all registered high-yield issues, mostly within five minutes of execution, although the mandatory deadline stated is 15 minutes.

The Difference Between Coupon And Yield To Maturity

For example, a bond with a par value of $1,000 that is trading at $980 has a bond discount of $20. The bond discount is also used in reference to the bond discount rate, which is the interest used to price bonds via present valuation calculations. By using this site, you are agreeing to security monitoring and auditing.

Technical default A default under the bond indenture terms, other than nonpayment of interest or principal. Examples of technical default are failure to maintain required reserves, or to maintain adequate fees and charges for service. Spread to Treasury The difference between between the yield on a fixed-income security and the yield on a Treasury security of comparable maturity. For example, the spread between a 10-year Treasury yielding 4.75% and a 10-year corporate yielding 5.25% is 50 basis points. Security Collateral pledged by a bond issuer to an investor to secure repayment of the loan. Revenue bond A municipal bond payable from income derived from tolls, charges or rents paid by users of the facility constructed with the proceeds of the bond issue. Redemption The paying off or buying back of a bond by the issuer; also, repurchase of investment trust units by the trustee, at the bid price.

Why Buy A Bond At A Premium?

Plain-vanilla CMO Or «sequential-pay CMO.» The most basic type of CMO. P&I The term used to refer to regularly scheduled payments or prepayments of principal and of interest on mortgage securities. Original delivery The delivery of a new issue by the issuer to the original purchaser, upon payment of the purchase price. Optional redemption A right of the issuer, at its option, to retire all or part of an issue prior to the stated maturity during a specified period of years, often at a premium. Optional principal redemption bond Term used to describe callable securities issued by the FHLB with either fixed- or floating-rate structures. Option-adjusted duration A measure of the bond’s movement for a shift in the yield curve. For noncallable bonds modified duration and effective duration are the same.

Put bond A bond that gives the holder the right to require the issuer or the issuer’s agent to purchase the bonds at a price, usually at par, at some date or dates prior to the final stated maturity. Primary tax-exempt derivative products These are based on bonds issued by state and local governments. Examples include tender option bonds, trust certificates with interest rate swaps, and stripped interest rate bonds. PAC tranche A CMO tranche that uses a mechanism similar to a sinking fund to determine a fixed principal payment schedule that will apply over a range of prepayment assumptions. The effect of the prepayment variability that is removed from a PAC bond is transferred to a companion tranche. Offering document The disclosure document prepared by the issuer that gives in detail security and financial information about the issuer and the bonds or notes.

Related Terms

A bondholder is typically entitled to regular interest payments as due and return of principal when the bond matures. A strategy for maximizing gains while minimizing risks in your investment portfolio. Specifically, asset allocation means dividing your assets on a percentage basis among different broad categories of investments, including stocks, bonds and cash. First, in most cases, you’ll have to pay taxes annually on the interest, even though you do not actually receive the interest until maturity. This can be offset if you buy the bonds in a tax-deferred retirement account, or in a custodial account for a child in situations where the child pays little or no tax. Syndicate A group of underwriters formed for the purpose of participating jointly in the initial public offering of a new issue of municipal securities. In the ABS market, a surety bond is an insurance policy typically provided by a rated and regulated monoline insurance company to guarantee securities holders against default.

Essentially, the company through in-kind payment is creating more debt in a situation where it doesn’t have the capital to service the debt – quite the paradox. Companies with outstanding high-yield debt cover the spectrum of industry sectors and categories. There are industrial manufacturers, media firms, energy explorers, homebuilders and even finance companies, to name a few. The one thing in common – indeed the only thing – is a high debt load, relative to earnings and cash flow (and, thus, the non-investment grade ratings). It’s how the issuers got there that breaks the high-yield universe into categories. An individual surety shall execute the bond (e.g., bid bond , performance bond , payment bond ). The person who makes the request shall be required to pay such costs of preparation as determined by the head of the agency or designee to be reasonable and appropriate (see 40 U.S.C.3133).

Premium Bonds Vs Discount Bonds

Diversification is an investment strategy for allocating your assets available for investment among different markets, sectors, industries and securities. The goal is to protect the value of your overall portfolio by diversifying your investment risk among these different markets, sectors, industries and securities.

• EMMA The Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board’s, Electronic Municipal Market Access website, , which is the repository for municipal issuers’ continuing disclosure documents.
• Undivided account Syndicate account structure that is undivided as to sales and liability.
• Current yield describes the yield on a bond based on the coupon rate and the current market price of the bond .
• An interest rate cap can protect the purchaser against rising interest rates.
• Credit spread also refers to the difference between the value of two securities with similar interest rates and maturities when one is sold at a higher price than the other is purchased.

Either way, the rule 144A exception essentially modifies the SEC’s requirement for investors to hold privately placed securities for at least two years. Retailer Neiman Marcus was the first to test the waters with a PIK-toggle deal in late 2005. For the next few years, understandably, PIK toggle issuance was spotty, as was the new-issue market, as issuers frequently found themselves in debt-restructuring mode. PIK-toggle activity picked up in 2011 and 2012 amid low interest rates and a glut of investor case. Most new deal marketing efforts are kicked off internally via a “teach-in” meeting, where bankers pitch the deal to sales staff, describing the terms of the offering and what purpose it serves.

Coupon Rates Vs Market Rates

In the case of a loan, it is this real interest that the lender receives as income. If the lender is receiving 8% from a loan and inflation is 8%, then the real rate of interest is zero, because nominal interest and inflation are equal.

A bond selling at par has a coupon rate such that the bond is worth an amount equivalent to its original issue value or its value upon redemption at maturity. Corporate bonds usually have par values of $1,000 while municipal bonds generally have face values of $500.

What Is A Premium Bond?

Basis price The price of a security expressed in yield, or percentage of return on the investment. Price differentials in municipal bonds are usually expressed in multiples of 5/100 of 1%, or “05.» A bond’s par value is the dollar amount indicated on the certificate, wherein the calculation of interest and the actual amount to be paid to lenders at maturity date is set.

Self-insurance programs to protect a contractor against the costs of correcting its own defects in materials or workmanship shall not be approved. For these purposes, normal rework estimates and warranty costs will not be considered self-insurance. The type and magnitude of risk, such as minor coverage for the deductible portion of purchased insurance or major coverage for hazardous risks. A disclosure of all captive insurance company and reinsurance agreements, including methods of computing cost. When aircraft are used in connection with performing the contract, the contracting officer shall require aircraft public and passenger liability insurance. Coverage shall be at least $200,000 per person and $500,000 per occurrence for bodily injury, other than passenger liability, and $200,000 per occurrence for property damage.

Capital Gains On Selling Tax Exempt Bonds

To put all this into the simplest terms possible, the coupon is the amount of fixed interest the bond will earn each year—a set dollar amount that’s a percentage of the original bond price. Yield to maturity is what the investor can expect to earn from the bond if they hold it until maturity. In a backstop deal the underwriter agrees to purchase the deal at a maximum interest rate for a brief, but well-defined, period of time. This method is similar to a bought-deal, but the timeframe typically is longer, generally up to one week. Both seasoned issuers and unfamiliar credits may utilize this type of underwriting. The prospectus will contain an executive summary that includes a description of the issuer, an overview of the transaction and rationale, sources and uses, and key financials. With trade reporting widespread, companies such as MarketAxess Holdings and TradeWeb Markets, owned by Thomson Financial, in turn provide almost real-time high-yield bond prices on their platforms.

The possibility that the bond’s issuer may default on interest payments or not be able to repay the bond’s face value at maturity. Generally, this is the date on which the money you’ve loaned the issuer is repaid to you (assuming the bond doesn’t have any call a bond has a market price that exceeds its face value or redemption features). Zero-coupon bonds offer a deep discount and pay all the accumulated interest at maturity. Window In a CMO security, the period of time between the expected first payment of principal and the expected last payment of principal.

• As an example $1,000 compounded at an annual interest rate of 10% will be $1,610.51 in five years.
• Emerging market bonds Emerging market bonds usually include government (or “sovereign”) bonds; sub-sovereign bonds and corporate bonds.
• An existing bond becomes more valuable because its fixed interest payments are larger than the interest payments currently demanded by the market.
• Treasury securities are issued by the U.S. government to finance its deficits.
• This term is used in the context of bond insurance, bank facilities and government programs.
• Where r is the real rate, i is the inflation rate, and R is the nominal rate.

The contractor deposits certificates of deposit from a federally insured financial institution with the contracting officer, in an acceptable form, executable by the contracting officer. Determinations of non-responsibility based on the unacceptability of a power of attorney are not subject to the Certificate of Competency process of subpart 19.6 if the surety has disavowed the validity of the power of attorney. If, upon investigation, the surety declares the power of attorney to have been valid at the time of bid opening, the contracting officer may require correction of any technical error. A performance bond secures performance and fulfillment of the contractor’s obligations under the contract. Cash flow from financing presents the feasibility of financing, the sources of financing, and an indication of the types of sources management supports. Continued debt financing may signal a future cash flow problem.

• P&I payments are made to the registered owner on the record date.
• Bond year An element in calculating average life of an issue and in calculating net interest cost and net interest rate on an issue.
• Tax-exempt commercial paper A short-term promissory note issued for periods up to 270 days, often used in lieu of fixed-rate BANs, TANs and RANs because of the greater flexibility offered in setting both maturities and determining rates.
• For example, the spread between a 10-year Treasury yielding 4.75% and a 10-year corporate yielding 5.25% is 50 basis points.
• The “manager” signs the contracts on behalf of the account and generally receives either a fee or a slightly larger spread for its services in this capacity.
• Certificate of ownership Proof of ownership; a document issued to shareholders by a trustee of a unit investment trust.